var presentation = ["classification<\/word>","Francis Bacon<\/word>","Astronomy<\/word>","describe<\/word>","An Introduction to the History of Science\nby Walter Libby\n\nCHAPTER V\nTHE CLASSIFICATION<\/strong> OF THE SCIENCES--FRANCIS BACON<\/strong>\n\nThe preceding chapter has shown that there is a continuity in the\ndevelopment of single sciences. The astronomy<\/strong>, or the chemistry, or the\nmathematics, of one period depends so directly on the respective science\nof the foregoing period, that one feels justified in using the term\n\"growth,\" or \"evolution,\" to describe<\/strong> their progress. Now a vital\nrelationship can be observed not only among different stages of the same\nscience, but also among the different sciences.<\/phrase>","Geometry<\/word>","Arithmetic<\/word>","Physics, astronomy<\/strong>, and\nchemistry have much in common; geometry<\/strong>, trigonometry, arithmetic<\/strong>, and\nalgebra are called \"branches\" of mathematics; zo\u00f6logy and botany are\nbiological sciences, as having to do with living species.<\/phrase>","Copernicus<\/word>","Descartes<\/word>","separate<\/word>","parts<\/word>","In the century\nfollowing the death of Copernicus<\/strong>, two great scientists, Bacon and\nDescartes<\/strong>, compared all knowledge to a tree, of which the separate<\/strong>\nsciences are branches. They thought of all knowledge as a living\norganism with an interconnection or continuity of parts<\/strong>, and a\ncapability of growth.<\/phrase>","interest<\/word>","Lord Verulam<\/word>","clear<\/word>","man<\/word>","By the beginning of the seventeenth century the sciences were so\nconsiderable that in the interest<\/strong> of further progress a comprehensive\nview of the tree of knowledge, a survey of the field of learning, was\nneeded. The task of making this survey was undertaken by Francis Bacon<\/strong>,\nLord Verulam<\/strong> (1561-1626). His classification<\/strong> of human knowledge was\ncelebrated, and very influential in the progress of science. He kept one\nclear<\/strong> purpose in view, namely, the control of nature by man<\/strong>.<\/phrase>","supply<\/word>","James<\/word>","plan<\/word>","support<\/word>","He wished\nto take stock of what had already been accomplished, to supply<\/strong>\ndeficiencies, and to enlarge the bounds of human empire. He was acutely\nconscious that this was an enterprise too great for any one man<\/strong>, and he\nused his utmost endeavors to induce James<\/strong> I to become the patron of the\nplan<\/strong>. His project admits of very simple statement now; he wished to edit\nan encyclopedia, but feared that it might prove impossible without\nco\u00f6peration and without state support<\/strong>.<\/phrase>","serve<\/word>","Diderot<\/word>","He felt capable of furnishing the\nplans for the building, but thought it a hardship that he was compelled\nto serve<\/strong> both as architect and laborer. The worthiness of these plans\nwas attested in the middle of the eighteenth century, when the great\nFrench _Encyclopaedia_ was projected by Diderot<\/strong> and D'Alembert.<\/phrase>","owe<\/word>","Chancellor Bacon<\/word>","Arts<\/word>","time<\/word>","The\nformer, its chief editor and contributor, wrote in the Prospectus: \"If\nwe come out successful from this vast undertaking, we shall owe<\/strong> it\nmainly to Chancellor Bacon<\/strong>, who sketched the plan<\/strong> of a universal\ndictionary of sciences and arts<\/strong> at a time<\/strong> when there were not, so to\nspeak, either arts<\/strong> or sciences.<\/phrase>","learn<\/word>","Abstract<\/word>","This extraordinary genius, when it was\nimpossible to write a history of what men knew, wrote one of what they\nhad to learn<\/strong>.\"\n\nBacon, as we shall amply see, was a firm believer in the study\nof the arts<\/strong> and occupations, and at the same time<\/strong> retained his\ndevotion to principles and abstract<\/strong> thought.<\/phrase>","judge<\/word>","use<\/word>","body<\/word>","found<\/word>","head<\/word>","He knew that philosophy\ncould aid the arts<\/strong> that supply<\/strong> daily needs; also that the arts<\/strong> and\noccupations enriched the field of philosophy, and that the basis of our\ngeneralizations must be the universe of things knowable. \"For,\" he\nwrites, \"if men judge<\/strong> that learning should be referred to use<\/strong> and\naction, they judge<\/strong> well; but it is easy in this to fall into the error\npointed out in the ancient fable; in which the other parts<\/strong> of the body<\/strong>\nfound<\/strong> fault with the stomach, because it neither performed the office of\nmotion as the limbs do, nor of sense, as the head<\/strong> does; but yet\nnotwithstanding it is the stomach which digests and distributes the\naliment to all the rest.<\/phrase>","consider<\/word>","natural philosophy<\/word>","So that if any man<\/strong> think that philosophy and\nuniversality are idle and unprofitable studies, he does not consider<\/strong>\nthat all arts<\/strong> and professions are from thence supplied with sap and\nstrength.\" For Bacon, as for Descartes<\/strong>, natural philosophy<\/strong> was the trunk\nof the tree of knowledge.<\/phrase>","Human Learning<\/word>","Column Key<\/word>","Reason Philosophy<\/word>","Imagination Poesy<\/word>","Memory History<\/word>","Civil Philosophy<\/word>","Intercourse<\/word>","Standards<\/word>","Business<\/word>","Government<\/word>","Medicine<\/word>","Athletics<\/word>","Human Learning<\/strong> (Bacon's Classification<\/strong>)\n\n Column Key<\/strong>:\n (A) Reason Philosophy<\/strong>, or the Sciences\n (B) Imagination Poesy<\/strong>\n (C) Memory History<\/strong>\n\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Philosophia prima, or sapience\n -----+---+--------+----------------------+---------------------------------\n (A) | | | Civil Philosophy<\/strong> | Intercourse<\/strong>\n | N | | (Standards<\/strong> of | Business<\/strong>\n | a | | right in:) | Government<\/strong>\n | t | Man<\/strong> +---------------+------+---------------------------------\n | u | | Philosophy | Body<\/strong> | Medicine<\/strong>, Athletics<\/strong>, etc.<\/phrase>","Anthropology<\/word>","Logic<\/word>","Soul<\/word>","Concrete<\/word>","material<\/word>","Secondary<\/word>","causes<\/word>","Speculative<\/word>","Metaphysics<\/word>","Form<\/word>","Final<\/word>","Operative<\/word>","Purified Magic<\/word>","Natural Theology<\/word>","Nature of Angels<\/word>","Divinity<\/word>","Revelation<\/word>","Narrative<\/word>","Heroical<\/word>","Dramatic<\/word>","Parabolic<\/word>","Fables<\/word>","Political<\/word>","Memorials<\/word>","Civil History<\/word>","Antiquities<\/word>","Perfect History<\/word>","Literary<\/word>","Bonds<\/word>","Control by Man<\/word>","Experimental<\/word>","Pretergenerations<\/word>","Freedom<\/word>","Generations<\/word>","Astronomical Physics<\/word>","Nomic Law<\/word>","Physical Geography<\/word>","Matter<\/word>","Organic Species<\/word>","Knowledge Classified<\/word>","| r | | of Humanity +------+---------------------------------\n | a | | (Anthropology<\/strong>)| | Logic<\/strong>\n | l | | | Soul<\/strong> |\n | | | | | Ethics\n | P +--------+-------------+-+------+--------+----------+-------------\n | h | | | Physics | Concrete<\/strong> |\n | i | | | (Material<\/strong> and | | M\n | l | | | Secondary<\/strong> | Abstract<\/strong> | a\n | o | | | Causes<\/strong>) | | t\n | s | Nature | Speculative<\/strong> | | | h\n | o | | | Metaphysics<\/strong> | Concrete<\/strong> | e\n | p | | | (Form<\/strong> and Final<\/strong> | | m\n | h | | | Causes<\/strong>) | Abstract<\/strong> | a\n | y | +-------------+-----------------+----------+ t\n | | | | Mechanics | i\n | | | Operative<\/strong> | | c\n | | | | Purified Magic<\/strong> | s\n | +--------+-------------+----------------------------+-------------\n | | God | Natural Theology<\/strong>, Nature of Angels<\/strong> and Spirits\n +---+--------+--------------------------------------------------------\n | Divinity<\/strong> | Revelation<\/strong>\n -----+------------+--------------------------------------------------------\n (B) | Narrative<\/strong>, or Heroical<\/strong>\n | Dramatic<\/strong>\n | Parabolic<\/strong> (Fables<\/strong>)\n -----+-----------+------------------------+--------------------------------\n (C) | | Political<\/strong> | Memorials<\/strong>\n | Civil | (Civil History<\/strong> proper) | Antiquities<\/strong>\n | | | Perfect History<\/strong>\n | +-----------+------------+--------------------------------\n | | | Learning\n | | Literary<\/strong> |\n | | | Arts<\/strong>\n | +-----------+---------------------------------------------\n | | Ecclesiastical\n +-----------+-------------------+-------------------+-----------------\n | | Bonds<\/strong> | Arts<\/strong> | Mechanical\n | | (Control by Man<\/strong>) | | Experimental<\/strong>\n | +-------------------+-------------------+-----------------\n | | Errors | Pretergenerations<\/strong>\n | Natural | (Anomics) | (Monsters)\n | +-------------------+---------------+---------------------\n | | Freedom<\/strong> | Generations<\/strong> | Astronomical Physics<\/strong>\n | | (Nomic Law<\/strong>) | | Physical Geography<\/strong>\n | | | | Physics of Matter<\/strong>\n | | | | Organic Species<\/strong>\n -----+-----------+-------------------+---------------+---------------------\n\n ------------+----------------------------------------------------\n | Knowledge Classified<\/strong> (Hugo of St.<\/phrase>","music<\/word>","Moral<\/word>","Economics<\/word>","weaving<\/word>","work<\/word>","Victor, d. 1141).\n ------------+---------------------+------------------------------\n Theoretical | Theology |\n | Natural Philosophy<\/strong> |\n | (Physic) |\n ------------+---------------------+------------------------------\n | Mathematics | Arithmetic<\/strong>\n | | Music<\/strong> (study of harmony)\n | | Geometry<\/strong>\n | | Astronomy<\/strong>\n ------------+---------------------+------------------------------\n Practical | Ethics, or individual morality\n (Moral<\/strong>) | Economics<\/strong>, or family morality\n | Politics, or civics\n ------------+----------------------------------------------------\n Mechanical | Weaving<\/strong>, spinning, sewing; work<\/strong> in wool, flax, etc.<\/phrase>","Equipment<\/word>","Navigation<\/word>","agriculture<\/word>","Hunting<\/word>","Theatricals<\/word>","| Equipment<\/strong>--arms, ships; work<\/strong> in stone, wood, metal\n | Navigation<\/strong>\n | Agriculture<\/strong>\n | Hunting<\/strong>, fishing, foods\n | Medicine<\/strong>\n | Theatricals<\/strong>--drama, music<\/strong>, athletics<\/strong>, etc.<\/phrase>","Oratory<\/word>","Grammar<\/word>","Dialectic<\/word>","Rhetoric<\/word>","hand<\/word>","------------+----------------------------------------------------\n Logical | Oratory<\/strong>\n | Grammar<\/strong>\n | Dialectic<\/strong>\n | Rhetoric<\/strong>\n ------------+----------------------------------------------------\n\nOn the other hand<\/strong>, he looked to the arts<\/strong>, crafts, and occupations as a\nsource of scientific principles.<\/phrase>","History Mechanical<\/word>","In his survey of learning he found<\/strong> some\nrecords of agriculture<\/strong> and likewise of many mechanical arts<\/strong>. Some think\nthem a kind of dishonor. \"But if my judgment be of any weight, the use<\/strong>\nof History Mechanical<\/strong> is, of all others, the most radical and\nfundamental towards natural philosophy<\/strong>.\" When the different arts<\/strong> are\nknown, the senses will furnish sufficient concrete<\/strong> material<\/strong> for the\ninformation of the understanding.<\/phrase>","record<\/word>","practice<\/word>","The record<\/strong> of the arts<\/strong> is of most use<\/strong>\nbecause it exhibits things in motion, and leads more directly to\npractice<\/strong>. \"Upon this history, therefore, mechanical and illiberal as it\nmay seem (all fineness and daintiness set aside), the greatest diligence\nmust be bestowed.\"<\/phrase>","Again<\/word>","prepare<\/word>","like<\/word>","follow<\/word>","\"Again<\/strong>, among the particular arts<\/strong> those are to be\npreferred which exhibit, alter, and prepare<\/strong> natural bodies and\nmaterials of things as agriculture<\/strong>, cooking, chemistry, dyeing; the\nmanufacture of glass, enamel, sugar, gunpowder, artificial fires, paper\nand the like<\/strong>.\" Weaving<\/strong>, carpentry, architecture, manufacture of mills,\nclocks, etc. follow<\/strong>.<\/phrase>","develop<\/word>","Pearson<\/word>","own<\/word>","The purpose is not solely to bring the arts<\/strong> to\nperfection, but all mechanical experiments should be as streams flowing\nfrom all sides into the sea of philosophy.\n\nShortly after James<\/strong> I came to the throne in 1603, Bacon published his\n_Advancement of Learning_. He continued in other writings, however, to\ndevelop<\/strong> the organization of knowledge, and in 1623 summed up his plan<\/strong> in\nthe _De Augmentis Scientiarum_.\n\nA recent writer (Pearson<\/strong>, 1900) has attempted to summarize Bacon's\nclassification<\/strong> of the different branches of learning. When one compares\nthis summary with an outline of the classification<\/strong> of knowledge made by\nthe French monk, Hugo of St. Victor, who stands midway between Isidore\nof Seville (570-636) and Bacon, some points of resemblance are of course\nobvious. Moreover, Hugo, like<\/strong> Bacon, insisted on the importance of not\nbeing narrowly utilitarian. Men, he says, are often accustomed to value\nknowledge not on its own<\/strong> account but for what it yields.<\/phrase>","doubt<\/word>","Creator<\/word>","love<\/word>","compare<\/word>","Thus it is with\nthe arts<\/strong> of husbandry, weaving<\/strong>, painting, and the like<\/strong>, where skill is\nconsidered absolutely vain, unless it results in some useful product.\nIf, however, we judged after this fashion of God's wisdom, then, no\ndoubt<\/strong>, the creation would be preferred to the Creator<\/strong>. But wisdom is\nlife, and the love<\/strong> of wisdom is the joy of life (_felicitas vit\u00e6_).\n\nNevertheless, when we compare<\/strong> these classifications diligently, we find\nvery marked differences between Bacon's views and the medieval.<\/phrase>","part<\/word>","Earthquakes<\/word>","animals<\/word>","The\nweakest part<\/strong> of Hugo's classification<\/strong> is that which deals with natural\nphilosophy. _Physica_, he says, undertakes the investigation of the\ncauses<\/strong> of things in their effects, and of effects in their causes<\/strong>. It\ndeals with the explanation of earthquakes<\/strong>, tides, the virtues of plants,\nthe fierce instincts of wild animals<\/strong>, every species of stone, shrub, and\nreptile.<\/phrase>","turn<\/word>","branch<\/word>","attempt<\/word>","When we turn<\/strong> to his special work<\/strong>, however, on this branch<\/strong> of\nknowledge, _Concerning Beasts and Other Things_, we find no attempt<\/strong> to\nsubdivide the field of _physica_, but a series of details in botany,\ngeology, zo\u00f6logy, and human anatomy, mostly arranged in dictionary form<\/strong>.\n\nWhen we refer to Bacon's classification<\/strong> we find that Physics corresponds\nto Hugo's _Physica_.<\/phrase>","Natural History<\/word>","It studies natural phenomena in relation to their\nmaterial<\/strong> causes<\/strong>. For this study, Natural History<\/strong>, according to Bacon,\nsupplies the facts. Let us glance, then, at his work<\/strong> on natural history<\/strong>,\nand see how far he had advanced from the medieval toward the modern\nconception of the sciences.<\/phrase>","Celestial<\/word>","Substance<\/word>","fire<\/word>","Water<\/word>","For purposes of scientific study he divided the phenomena of the\nuniverse into (1) Celestial<\/strong> phenomena; (2) Atmosphere; (3) Globe; (4)\nSubstance<\/strong> of earth, air, fire<\/strong>, water<\/strong>; (5) Genera, species, etc.<\/phrase>","Catalogue of Particular Histories by Titles<\/word>","Heavenly<\/word>","Great\nscope is given to the natural history<\/strong> of man<\/strong>. The arts<\/strong> are classified as\n_nature modified by man_. _History_ means, of course, descriptive\nscience.\n\n\n_Bacon's Catalogue of Particular Histories by Titles<\/strong> (1620)_\n\n 1. History of the Heavenly<\/strong> Bodies; or Astronomical History.\n\n 2.<\/phrase>","Configuration of the Heavens<\/word>","Comets<\/word>","Fiery Meteors<\/word>","History of the Configuration of the Heavens<\/strong> and the parts<\/strong> thereof\n towards the Earth and the parts<\/strong> thereof; or Cosmographical\n History.\n\n 3. History of Comets<\/strong>.\n\n 4. History of Fiery Meteors<\/strong>.\n\n 5.<\/phrase>","Lightnings<\/word>","Thunderbolts<\/word>","Thunders<\/word>","Coruscations<\/word>","History of Lightnings<\/strong>, Thunderbolts<\/strong>, Thunders<\/strong>, and Coruscations<\/strong>.\n\n 6.<\/phrase>","Winds<\/word>","Sudden<\/word>","Rainbows<\/word>","Clouds<\/word>","History of Winds<\/strong> and Sudden<\/strong> Blasts and Undulations of the Air.\n\n 7. History of Rainbows<\/strong>.\n\n 8. History of Clouds<\/strong>, as they are seen above.\n\n 9.<\/phrase>","Blue Expanse<\/word>","Twilight<\/word>","Mock-Suns<\/word>","Mock-Moons<\/word>","Haloes<\/word>","colours<\/word>","History of the Blue Expanse<\/strong>, of Twilight<\/strong>, of Mock-Suns<\/strong>,\n Mock-Moons<\/strong>, Haloes<\/strong>, various colours<\/strong> of the Sun; and of every\n variety in the aspect of the heavens caused by the medium.<\/phrase>","Showers<\/word>","Ordinary<\/word>","Stormy<\/word>","Prodigious<\/word>","Waterspouts<\/word>","10. History of Showers<\/strong>, Ordinary<\/strong>, Stormy<\/strong>, and Prodigious<\/strong>; also of\n Waterspouts<\/strong> (as they are called); and the like<\/strong>.<\/phrase>","Hail<\/word>","Snow<\/word>","Frost<\/word>","Hoar-frost<\/word>","11. History of Hail<\/strong>, Snow<\/strong>, Frost<\/strong>, Hoar-frost<\/strong>, Fog, Dew, and the like<\/strong>.\n\n 12. History of all other things that fall or descend from above, and\n that are generated in the upper region.\n\n 13.<\/phrase>","Sounds<\/word>","Configuration of the World<\/word>","History of Sounds<\/strong> in the upper region (if there be any), besides\n Thunder.\n\n 14. History of Air as a whole, or in the Configuration of the World<\/strong>.\n\n 15.<\/phrase>","Seasons<\/word>","Temperatures<\/word>","Accidents<\/word>","Times<\/word>","Periods of Years<\/word>","Floods<\/word>","Heats<\/word>","Droughts<\/word>","History of the Seasons<\/strong> or Temperatures<\/strong> of the Year, as well\n according to the variations of Regions as according to accidents<\/strong>\n of Times<\/strong> and Periods of Years<\/strong>; of Floods<\/strong>, Heats<\/strong>, Droughts<\/strong>, and the\n like<\/strong>.<\/phrase>","Shape<\/word>","Compass<\/word>","Islands<\/word>","Salt Lakes within the Land<\/word>","Isthmuses<\/word>","Promontories<\/word>","16. History of Earth and Sea; of the Shape<\/strong> and Compass<\/strong> of them, and\n their Configurations compared with each other; and of their\n broadening or narrowing; of Islands<\/strong> in the Sea; of Gulfs of the\n Sea, and Salt Lakes within the Land<\/strong>; Isthmuses<\/strong> and Promontories<\/strong>.<\/phrase>","motions<\/word>","Globe of Earth<\/word>","17. History of the Motions<\/strong> (if any be) of the Globe of Earth<\/strong> and Sea;\n and of the Experiments from which such motions<\/strong> may be collected.\n\n 18.<\/phrase>","Tremblings<\/word>","Yawnings of the Earth<\/word>","Breakings off of Land<\/word>","Encroachments<\/word>","Inundations<\/word>","Fire from the Earth<\/word>","History of the greater motions<\/strong> and Perturbations in Earth and Sea;\n Earthquakes<\/strong>, Tremblings<\/strong> and Yawnings of the Earth<\/strong>, Islands<\/strong> newly\n appearing; Floating Islands<\/strong>; Breakings off of Land<\/strong> by entrance of\n the Sea, Encroachments<\/strong> and Inundations<\/strong> and contrariwise Recessions\n of the Sea; Eruptions of Fire from the Earth<\/strong>; Sudden<\/strong> Eruptions of\n Waters from the Earth; and the like<\/strong>.<\/phrase>","History of Geography<\/word>","Mountains<\/word>","Vallies<\/word>","Woods<\/word>","Plains<\/word>","Sands<\/word>","Marshes<\/word>","Rivers<\/word>","Torrents<\/word>","Springs<\/word>","Nations<\/word>","Provinces<\/word>","Cities<\/word>","19. Natural History of Geography<\/strong>; of Mountains<\/strong>, Vallies<\/strong>, Woods<\/strong>,\n Plains<\/strong>, Sands<\/strong>, Marshes<\/strong>, Lakes, Rivers<\/strong>, Torrents<\/strong>, Springs<\/strong>, and\n every variety of their course, and the like<\/strong>; leaving apart\n Nations<\/strong>, Provinces<\/strong>, Cities<\/strong>, and such like<\/strong> matters pertaining to\n Civil life.<\/phrase>","Ebbs<\/word>","Flows of the Sea<\/word>","20. History of Ebbs<\/strong> and Flows of the Sea<\/strong>; Currents, Undulations, and\n other Motions<\/strong> of the Sea.\n\n 21.<\/phrase>","Saltness<\/word>","Depth<\/word>","Rocks<\/word>","History of other Accidents<\/strong> of the Sea; its Saltness<\/strong>, its various\n Colours<\/strong>, its Depth<\/strong>; also of Rocks<\/strong>, Mountains<\/strong>, and Vallies<\/strong> under\n the Sea, and the like<\/strong>.\n\n\n_Next come Histories of the Greater Masses_\n\n 22.<\/phrase>","flame<\/word>","Ignited<\/word>","History of Flame<\/strong> and of things Ignited<\/strong>.\n\n 23. History of Air, in Substance<\/strong>, not in the Configuration of the\n World.\n\n 24. History of Water<\/strong>, in Substance<\/strong>, not in the Configuration of the\n World.\n\n 25. History of the Earth and the diversity thereof, in Substance<\/strong>, not\n in the Configuration of the World<\/strong>.\n\n\n_Next come Histories of Species_\n\n 26.<\/phrase>","Gold<\/word>","Silver<\/word>","Veins<\/word>","Marcasites<\/word>","Working in the Mines<\/word>","History of perfect Metals, Gold<\/strong>, Silver<\/strong>; and of the Mines, Veins<\/strong>,\n Marcasites<\/strong> of the same; also of the Working in the Mines<\/strong>.<\/phrase>","Quicksilver<\/word>","Fossils<\/word>","Vitriol<\/word>","Sulphur<\/word>","27. History of Quicksilver<\/strong>.\n\n 28. History of Fossils<\/strong>; as Vitriol<\/strong>, Sulphur<\/strong>, etc.\n\n 29.<\/phrase>","Gems<\/word>","Diamond<\/word>","Ruby<\/word>","History of Gems<\/strong>; as the Diamond<\/strong>, the Ruby<\/strong>, etc.\n\n 30.<\/phrase>","Stones<\/word>","Marble<\/word>","Touchstone<\/word>","Flint<\/word>","History of Stones<\/strong>; as Marble<\/strong>, Touchstone<\/strong>, Flint<\/strong>, etc.\n\n 31.<\/phrase>","Magnet<\/word>","Miscellaneous Bodies<\/word>","Salts<\/word>","Ambergris<\/word>","History of the Magnet<\/strong>.\n\n 32. History of Miscellaneous Bodies<\/strong>, which are neither entirely Fossil\n nor Vegetable; as Salts<\/strong>, Amber, Ambergris<\/strong>, etc.\n\n 33.<\/phrase>","Chemical History of Metals<\/word>","Minerals<\/word>","Chemical History of Metals<\/strong> and Minerals<\/strong>.\n\n 34.<\/phrase>","Trees<\/word>","Shrubs<\/word>","Herbs<\/word>","Roots<\/word>","Stalks<\/word>","Leaves<\/word>","Flowers<\/word>","Fruits<\/word>","Seeds<\/word>","Gums<\/word>","History of Plants, Trees<\/strong>, Shrubs<\/strong>, Herbs<\/strong>; and of their parts<\/strong>,\n Roots<\/strong>, Stalks<\/strong>, Wood, Leaves<\/strong>, Flowers<\/strong>, Fruits<\/strong>, Seeds<\/strong>, Gums<\/strong>, etc.<\/phrase>","Chemical History of Vegetables<\/word>","Fishes<\/word>","Birds<\/word>","35. Chemical History of Vegetables<\/strong>.\n\n 36. History of Fishes<\/strong>, and the Parts<\/strong> and Generation of them.\n\n 37. History of Birds<\/strong>, and the Parts<\/strong> and Generation of them.\n\n 38.<\/phrase>","Quadrupeds<\/word>","History of Quadrupeds<\/strong>, and the Parts<\/strong> and Generation of them.\n\n 39.<\/phrase>","Serpents<\/word>","Worms<\/word>","Flies<\/word>","History of Serpents<\/strong>, Worms<\/strong>, Flies<\/strong>, and other insects; and of the\n Parts<\/strong> and Generation of them.\n\n 40. Chemical History of the things which are taken by Animals<\/strong>.\n\n\n_Next come Histories of Man_\n\n 41.<\/phrase>","Figure<\/word>","External Limbs<\/word>","Frame<\/word>","Countenance<\/word>","History of the Figure<\/strong> and External Limbs<\/strong> of man<\/strong>, his Stature,\n Frame<\/strong>, Countenance<\/strong>, and Features; and of the variety of the same\n according to Races and Climates, or other smaller differences.\n\n 42. Physiognomical History of the same.\n\n 43.<\/phrase>","Internal<\/word>","Natural Frame<\/word>","diseases<\/word>","Anatomical History, or of the Internal<\/strong> Members of Man<\/strong>; and of the\n variety of them, as it is found<\/strong> in the Natural Frame<\/strong> and\n Structure, and not merely as regards Diseases<\/strong> and Accidents<\/strong> out of\n the course of Nature.\n\n 44.<\/phrase>","Uniform Structure in Man<\/word>","Flesh<\/word>","Bones<\/word>","Membranes<\/word>","History of the parts<\/strong> of Uniform Structure in Man<\/strong>; as Flesh<\/strong>, Bones<\/strong>,\n Membranes<\/strong>, etc.\n\n 45.<\/phrase>","Humours in Man<\/word>","Blood<\/word>","Bile<\/word>","History of Humours in Man<\/strong>; Blood<\/strong>, Bile<\/strong>, Seed, etc.\n\n 46.<\/phrase>","Flower<\/word>","Cough<\/word>","call<\/word>","History of Excrements; Spittle, Urine, Sweats, Stools, Hair of the\n Head<\/strong>, Hairs of the Body<\/strong>, Whitlows, Nails, and the like<\/strong>.\n\n 47. History of Faculties; Attraction, Digestion, Retention,\n Expulsion, Sanguification, Assimilation of Aliment into the\n members, conversion of Blood<\/strong> and Flower<\/strong> of Blood<\/strong> into Spirit, etc.\n\n 48. History of Natural and Involuntary Motions<\/strong>; as Motion of the\n Heart, the Pulses, Sneezing, Lungs, Erection, etc.\n\n 49. History of Motions<\/strong> partly Natural and Partly Violent; as of\n Respiration, Cough<\/strong>, Urine, Stool, etc.\n\n 50. History of Voluntary Motions<\/strong>; as of the Instruments of\n Articulation of Words; Motions<\/strong> of the Eyes, Tongue, Jaws, Hands,\n Fingers; of Swallowing, etc.\n\n 51. History of Sleep and Dreams.\n\n 52. History of different habits of Body<\/strong>--Fat, Lean; of the Complexions\n (as they call<\/strong> them), etc.\n\n 53. History of the Generation of Man<\/strong>.\n\n 54. History of Conception, Vivification, Gestation in the Womb, Birth,\n etc.\n\n 55.<\/phrase>","Increase<\/word>","preserve<\/word>","sound<\/word>","Smell<\/word>","History of the Food of Man<\/strong>; and of all things Eatable and\n Drinkable; and of all Diet; and of the variety of the same\n according to nations<\/strong> and smaller differences.\n\n 56. History of the Growth and Increase<\/strong> of the Body<\/strong>, in the whole and\n in its parts<\/strong>.\n\n 57. History of the Course of Age; Infancy, Boyhood, Youth, Old Age; of\n Length and Shortness of Life, and the like<\/strong>, according to nations<\/strong>\n and lesser differences.\n\n 58. History of Life and Death.\n\n\n 59. History Medicinal of Diseases<\/strong>, and of the Symptoms and Signs of\n them.\n\n 60. History Medicinal of the Treatment and Remedies and Cures of\n Diseases<\/strong>.\n\n 61. History Medicinal of those things which preserve<\/strong> the Body<\/strong> and the\n Health.\n\n 62. History Medicinal of those things which relate to the Form<\/strong> and\n Comeliness of the Body<\/strong>.\n\n 63. History Medicinal of those things which alter the Body<\/strong>, and\n pertain to Alterative Regimen.\n\n 64. History of Drugs.\n\n 65. History of Surgery.\n\n 66. Chemical History of Medicines.\n\n 67. History of Vision, and of things Visible.\n\n 68. History of Painting, Sculpture, Modelling, etc.\n\n 69. History of Hearing and Sound<\/strong>.\n\n 70. History of Music<\/strong>.\n\n 71. History of Smell<\/strong> and Smells.\n\n 72.<\/phrase>","Taste<\/word>","Touch<\/word>","care<\/word>","History of Taste<\/strong> and Tastes.\n\n 73. History of Touch<\/strong>, and the objects of Touch<\/strong>.\n\n 74. History of Venus, as a species of Touch<\/strong>.\n\n 75. History of Bodily Pains, as species of Touch<\/strong>.\n\n 76. History of Pleasure and Pain in general.\n\n 77. History of the Affections; as Anger, Love<\/strong>, Shame, etc.\n\n 78. History of the Intellectual Faculties; Reflexion, Imagination,\n Discourse, Memory, etc.\n\n 79. History of Natural Divinations.\n\n 80. History of Diagnostics, or Secret Natural Judgements.\n\n\n 81. History of Cookery, and of the arts<\/strong> thereto belonging, as of the\n Butcher, Poulterer, etc.\n\n 82. History of Baking, and the Making of Bread, and the arts<\/strong> thereto\n belonging, as of the Miller, etc.\n\n 83. History of Wine.\n\n 84. History of the Cellar and of different kinds of Drink.\n\n 85. History of Sweetmeats and Confections.\n\n 86. History of Honey.\n\n 87. History of Sugar.\n\n 88. History of the Dairy.\n\n 89. History of Baths and Ointments.\n\n 90. Miscellaneous History concerning the care<\/strong> of the body<\/strong>--as of\n Barbers, Perfumers, etc.\n\n 91.<\/phrase>","Bow<\/word>","Cross<\/word>","History of the working of Gold<\/strong>, and the arts<\/strong> thereto belonging.\n\n 92. History of the manufactures of Wool, and the arts<\/strong> thereto\n belonging.\n\n 93. History of the manufactures of Silk, and the arts<\/strong> thereto\n belonging.\n\n 94. History of the manufactures of Flax, Hemp, Cotton, Hair, and\n other kinds of Thread, and the arts<\/strong> thereto belonging.\n\n 95. History of manufactures of Feathers.\n\n 96. History of Weaving<\/strong>, and the arts<\/strong> thereto belonging.\n\n 97. History of Dyeing.\n\n 98. History of Leather-making, Tanning, and the arts<\/strong> thereto\n belonging.\n\n 99. History of Ticking and Feathers.\n\n 100. History of working in Iron.\n\n 101. History of Stone-cutting.\n\n 102. History of the making of Bricks and Tiles.\n\n 103. History of Pottery.\n\n 104. History of Cements, etc.\n\n 105. History of working in Wood.\n\n 106. History of working in Lead.\n\n 107. History of Glass and all vitreous substances, and of Glass-making.\n\n 108. History of Architecture generally.\n\n 109. History of Waggons, Chariots, Litters, etc.\n\n 110. History of Printing, of Books, of Writing, of Sealing; of Ink,\n Pen, Paper, Parchment, etc.\n\n 111. History of Wax.\n\n 112. History of Basket-making.\n\n 113. History of Mat-making, and of manufactures of Straw, Rushes, and\n the like<\/strong>.\n\n 114. History of Washing, Scouring, etc.\n\n 115. History of Agriculture<\/strong>, Pasturage, Culture of Woods<\/strong>, etc.\n\n 116. History of Gardening.\n\n 117. History of Fishing.\n\n 118. History of Hunting<\/strong> and Fowling.\n\n 119. History of the Art of War, and of the arts<\/strong> thereto belonging, as\n Armoury, Bow<\/strong>-making, Arrow-making, Musketry, Ordnance, Cross<\/strong>-bows,\n Machines, etc.\n\n 120. History of the Art of Navigation<\/strong>, and of the crafts and arts<\/strong>\n thereto belonging.\n\n 121. History of Athletics<\/strong> and Human Exercises of all kinds.\n\n 122. History of Horsemanship.\n\n 123. History of Games of all kinds.\n\n 124. History of Jugglers and Mountebanks.\n\n 125. Miscellaneous History of various Artificial Materials,--Enamel,\n Porcelain, various cements, etc.\n\n 126. History of Salts<\/strong>.\n\n 127. Miscellaneous History of various Machines and Motions<\/strong>.\n\n 128. Miscellaneous History of Common Experiments which have not grown\n into an Art.\n\n\n_Histories must also be written of Pure Mathematics; though they are\nrather observations than experiments_\n\n 129. History of the Natures and Powers of Numbers.\n\n 130. History of the Natures and Powers of Figures.\n\nThe fragment containing this catalogue (_Parasceve_--Day of Preparation)\nwas added to Bacon's work<\/strong> on method, _The New Logic_ (_Novum Organum_),\n1620. Besides completing his survey and classification<\/strong> of the sciences\n(_De Augmentis Scientiarum_), 1623, he published a few separate<\/strong> writings\non topics in the catalogue--_Winds_, _Life and Death_, _Tides_, etc. In\n1627, a year after his death, appeared his much misunderstood work<\/strong>,\n_Sylva Sylvarum_.<\/phrase>","heap<\/word>","promise<\/word>","question<\/word>","He had found<\/strong> that the Latin word _sylva_ meant _stuff_\nor _raw material_, as well as a _wood_, and called this final<\/strong> work<\/strong>\n_Sylva Sylvarum_, which I would translate, \"Jungle of Raw Material<\/strong>.\" He\nhimself referred to it as \"an undigested heap<\/strong> of particulars\"; yet he\nwas willing it should be published because \"he preferred the good of men\nto anything that might have relation to himself.\" In it, following his\ncatalogue, he fulfilled the promise<\/strong> made in 1620, of putting nature and\nthe arts<\/strong> to question<\/strong>.<\/phrase>","heat<\/word>","Some of the problems suggested for investigation\nare: congealing of air, turning air into water<\/strong>, the secret nature of\nflame<\/strong>, motion of gravity, production of cold, nourishing of young\ncreatures in the egg or womb, prolongation of life, the media of sound<\/strong>,\ninfectious diseases<\/strong>, accelerating and preventing putrefaction,\naccelerating and staying growth, producing fruit without core or seed,\nproduction of composts and helps for ground, flying in the air.\n\nIn the _New Atlantis_, a work<\/strong> of imagination, Bacon had represented as\nalready achieved for mankind some of the benefits he wished for:\nartificial metals, various cements, excellent dyes, animals<\/strong> for\nvivisection and medical experiment, instruments which generate heat<\/strong>\nsolely by motion, artificial precious stones<\/strong>, conveyance of sound<\/strong> for\ngreat distances and in tortuous lines, new explosives.<\/phrase>","guide<\/word>","land<\/word>","influence<\/word>","\"We imitate,\"\nsays the guide<\/strong> in the Utopian land<\/strong>, \"also flights of birds<\/strong>; we have some\ndegree of flying in the air; we have ships and boats for going under\nwater<\/strong>.\" Bacon believed in honoring the great discoverers and inventors,\nand advocated maintaining a calendar of inventions.\n\nHe was a fertile and stimulating thinker, and much of his great\ninfluence<\/strong> arose from the comprehensiveness that led to his celebrated\nclassification<\/strong> of the sciences.\n\n\nREFERENCES\n\n Bacon's _Philosophical Works_, vol. IV, _Parasceve_, edited by R. L.\n Ellis, J. Spedding, and D. D. Heath.\n\n Karl Pearson<\/strong>, _Grammar of Science_.\n\n J. A. Thomson, _Introduction to Science_.<\/phrase>"]; var currentPosition = 0; var totalPositions = 0; var timePerWord = 1500; var timePerPhraseWord = 120 var readAheadPlayerTimer; var autoPlay = true; var setMinimized = false; var wordSpeedOptions = {'Slower':2000,'Moderate':1200,'Fast':800}; var phraseSpeedOptions = {'Slower':280,'Moderate':200,'Fast':80}; var defaultWordSpeedOption = 'Moderate'; var defaultPhraseSpeedOption = 'Moderate'; var logToLTI = false; $(window).load(function(){ totalPositions = presentation.length; if (totalPositions > 0){ $('body').prepend('
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